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MABUX ARA LNG Bunker Index
Port LNG$/mton MGO LS$/mton Date
ARA
1 786.00
+121.00
1 435.00
-5.00
Oct 26
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Port	LNG$/mton	MGO LS$/mton	Date
ARA	1 786.00	+121.00	1 435.00	-5.00	Oct 26

MABUX Global Bunker Index

380HSFO$/mton		VLS FO$/mton		MGO LS$/mton		Date
766.60	+7.84	902.79	+7.16	1 533.77	-6.09	Oct 29

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MABUX Market Differential Index (MDI)

Correlation between market bunker prices (MBP) and MABUX Digital Bunker Price Benchmark (DBP)

All Indexes in $/mton	380HSFO			VLS FO			MGO LS			Date
All Indexes in $/mton	MBP Index	DBP Index	MDI	MBP Index	DBP Index	MDI	MBP Index	DBP Index	MDI	Date
Rotterdam	708	786	-78	770	892	-122	1 435	1 631	-196	Oct 29
Singapore	905	843	+62	997	1 029	-32	1 320	1 624	-304	Oct 29
Fujairah	757	782	-25	986	977	+9	1 715	1 687	+28	Oct 29
Houston	630	737	-107	840	882	-42	1 420	1 526	-106	Oct 29

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Latest News
- 2026-10-29
  Oil prices fall as peace hopes offset fears of growing Middle East conflict
  Oil prices fell on Thursday, paring gains made a day earlier, as hopes for peace talks took the edge off renewed concerns over Middle East supply disruptions from escalating regional conflict. Brent crude futures declined $1.22, or 1.1%, to $114.10... Read more Oil prices fell on Thursday, paring gains made a day earlier, as hopes for peace talks took the edge off renewed concerns over Middle East supply disruptions from escalating regional conflict.
  
  Brent crude futures declined $1.22, or 1.1%, to $114.10 a barrel at 0351 GMT. US West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude futures were down $1.33, or 1.3%, at $101.45.
  
  Brent rose 1.3% and WTI gained 3% on Wednesday.
  
  US Vice President JD Vance sought to revive peace negotiations by sending a letter to Iranian Security Council chief Mohsen Rezaei, the Wall Street Journal said on Wednesday, citing US officials and people familiar with the matter.
  
  "Selling pressure is prevailing amid expectations that peace talks may resume," said Yuki Takashima, an economist at Nomura Securities. "However, the decline remains limited."
  
  This was due to concerns over intensified attacks by the Houthis and fears the US may launch an attack on Iran following its midterm elections set for November 3.
  
  The Saudi-led coalition fighting Yemen’s Houthis said it destroyed a ballistic missile fired by the group towards the kingdom’s eastern region early on Thursday, as hostilities between the two sides show no signs of abating.
  
  The Houthis attacked Aden airport on Wednesday, Yemeni government forces said.
  
  The attack came a day after the Houthis said they hit Saudi Arabia’s biggest oil refinery with a missile, stepping up strikes against the world’s second-largest crude producer after the United States.
  
  Saudi authorities did not immediately confirm the strike on the 550,000-barrel-per-day facility.
  
  Qatari mediators have presented Iran with a new draft deal to end the war with the US and Israel, an official briefed on the negotiations said, but a senior Iranian official dismissed it as unacceptable ideas that did not amount to an offer.
  
  Iran’s foreign minister said on Wednesday Tehran continued to give diplomacy a chance to succeed and flagged the possibility of completing its seven-day plan in less than a week if adopted.
  
  Some expectations of rising crude and diesel production from Russia weighed further on market sentiment and prices.
  
  "Since the October 15 strike on the Ryazan refinery, there have been no further confirmed attacks on Russian refining infrastructure," JPMorgan analysts said in a note last night. "The silence has allowed Russian refinery runs to rebound by 350 kbd last week to 4 mbd."
  
  "Higher runs would also allow Russia to lift crude production by a broadly comparable amount, reversing part of the recent decline that pushed output to 8.4 mbd—its lowest level since 2003 ... (but) higher crude production would not necessarily translate into higher crude exports."
  
  The US Energy Information Administration said on Wednesday that energy firms pulled 1.9 million barrels of crude from storage during the week ended October 23, versus analysts’ forecast of a 15,000-barrel build in a Reuters poll.
  
  But gasoline stockpiles rose by 3.9 million barrels, against analysts’ expectations for a draw of 0.9 million barrels.
  
  Source: Reuters/Investing.com
- 2026-10-29
  UBS Data Shows Russian Oil Exports Only 10% Below Pre-War Levels
  UBS estimates Russian crude exports are only about 10% below pre-war levels, with roughly 61% now moving on shadow fleet tankers outside Western insurance. The EU's share of Russian crude fell from 48% to 4%, while China, India and Turkey went from 29%... Read more UBS estimates Russian crude exports are only about 10% below pre-war levels, with roughly 61% now moving on shadow fleet tankers outside Western insurance.
  The EU's share of Russian crude fell from 48% to 4%, while China, India and Turkey went from 29% to 77%.
  Ukrainian strikes have forced Russia to import refined products, one factor keeping global gasoline prices elevated.
  President Trump's US-Russia deal to export diesel and crude cargoes has drawn considerable scrutiny from Western elites as the first shipments could soon reach US shores. Ukrainian drone strikes on Russian refineries, combined with disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz, have intensified pressure on the global energy market and refining capacity ahead of the US midterms.
  
  UBS chief economist Arend Kapteyn published new data tracking Russian oil exports. Before reading the note, the assumption would have been that Western sanctions and Ukraine's efforts to cripple Russia's export capacity had delivered a massive blow. In fact, Moscow simply reconfigured its supply chain to send crude and energy products east.
  
  Kapteyn titled the note "Who Is Buying Russia's Oil?"
  
  He said, "The most visible effect of the restrictions on Russia's oil exports seems to have been to redistribute the global supply of oil."
  
  The biggest shift in Moscow's exports has been in their destinations. The EU's share of Russian crude exports collapsed from 48% before the war in Ukraine to just 4% by September, while the combined share purchased by China, India and Turkey jumped from 29% to 77%.
  
  Kapteyn added more color:
  
  In recent months, Russia has begun importing significant volumes of refined petroleum products, reflecting the damage Ukrainian strikes have inflicted on its domestic refining capacity. That is highly unusual for one of the world's largest exporters of diesel, fuel oil and naphtha, and is one factor helping to keep global gasoline prices elevated.By contrast, Russia's crude oil exports have proven remarkably resilient. Despite the EU embargo and the G7 price cap regime, export volumes remain only around 10% below pre-war levels. An estimated 61% of Russian crude now leaves on the so-called "shadow fleet". We note this operates outside Western financing and insurance systems and thereby reducing the effectiveness of the sanctions and price-cap regime. However, it is worth noting that these sanctions are jurisdictional rather than global, which we understand means they do not apply to countries that have not imposed them.
  
  So who is buying all that Russian oil? Today's chart shows one set of estimates (Russia itself stopped publishing data in 2022), which corresponds roughly to the import data of trade partners. The left side of today's chart shows 14-day average export volumes by destination, while the right side compares market shares between January-February 2022 and the latest data. The EU's share of Russian crude exports has collapsed from 48% to just 4% (though for now it is still the largest buyer of Russian LNG), while the combined share of China, India and Turkey has surged from 29% to 77%. Those gains came largely at the expense of other suppliers. In China, Russia's share of mineral fuel imports rose from about 18% before the war to 27% since February 2022, displacing imports from Australia, Iran, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the EU. In India, Russia's share jumped from just over 1% to 24%, alongside sharp declines in imports from Nigeria, Iran and Saudi Arabia. All this highlights the fungibility of oil markets: while the sanctions never intended to reduce global supply their most visible effect has been to redistribute the map of global supply.
  
  The immediate takeaway is that Western sanctions and Ukrainian drone strikes have disrupted Russia's energy sector without crippling its crude exports.
  
  Moscow's pivot toward Asian buyers and reliance on a shadow fleet of tankers have allowed it to continue business as usual, exposing the limits of Western financial warfare and kinetic warfare.
  
  Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  US Oil Inventories Fall Again As Prices Rise
  Crude oil inventories in the United States saw a decrease of 1.9 million barrels during the week ending October 23, according to new data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) released on Wednesday. The decrease brings commercial stockpiles... Read more Crude oil inventories in the United States saw a decrease of 1.9 million barrels during the week ending October 23, according to new data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) released on Wednesday. The decrease brings commercial stockpiles to 410.6 million barrels, according to government data, which is now 4% below the five-year average for this time of year.
  
  The EIA’s data release follows API’s figures that were released a day earlier, which reported that crude oil inventories had fallen by 2.031 million barrels in the period.
  
  Crude futures were trading up at 10:26 a.m. in New York. Brent futures were trading up at $115.61 per barrel—up $1.73 (+1.52%) on the day and up roughly $7 per barrel from this same time last week. WTI was also trading up on the day, by $2.51 per barrel (+2.51%) on Wednesday morning at $102.41, up nearly $5 per barrel since this time last week.
  
  For total motor gasoline, the EIA reported that inventories increased by 3.9 million barrels, after dipping 3 million barrels in the week prior. The most recent figures showed that average daily gasoline production sank to 9.2 million barrels. For middle distillates, inventories decreased by 1.5 million barrels, with production decreasing to an average of 5.2 million barrels daily. Distillate inventories are now 10% below the five-year average.
  
  Total products supplied—a proxy for U.S. oil demand—averaged 20.8 million barrels per day over the last four weeks, up 0.2% compared to the same period last year. Gasoline demand averaged 8.6 million barrels per day over the last four weeks, with the distillate four-week average supplied at 4.0 million barrels—down 0.6% year over year. Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  Iran Eyes $130 Oil While at Least 50 Tankers Sit Stuck in the Gulf
  An oil price of $130 per barrel could be one of the scenarios of Iran’s economic planners preparing the budget for the next Iranian year starting March 2027, according to Iranian media. It is not clear yet what baseline Iranian economists will use... Read more An oil price of $130 per barrel could be one of the scenarios of Iran’s economic planners preparing the budget for the next Iranian year starting March 2027, according to Iranian media.
  
  It is not clear yet what baseline Iranian economists will use in next year’s budget, but the Plan and Budget Organization may include a scenario assuming $130 a barrel oil, according to Fars News Agency, which is close to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
  
  It is highly unlikely the baseline would be as high as the $130 oil floated in Iranian media in recent days. Iran has typically budgeted at very conservative oil price assumptions.
  
  Regardless of where oil prices will be next year, Iran may not benefit from oil price increases at all, due to the U.S. blockade crippling Iranian oil exports.
  
  As of early October, the U.S. blockade in the Gulf of Oman had already stranded at least 50 Iranian tankers laden with oil inside the Persian Gulf near Iran’s coastline, U.S.-based non-profit and non-partisan policy organization United Against Nuclear Iran (UANI) said in a shipping update.
  
  After the collapse of the U.S.-Iran ‘deal to make a deal’, the U.S. Navy reinstated in mid-July the blockade in the Gulf of Oman outside the Strait of Hormuz to force Iran’s oil exports to zero and gain leverage in negotiations.
  
  Publicly, Iran remains defiant and claims it will find ways to dodge the U.S. blockade.
  
  But vessel-tracking services have estimated that Iran’s oil exports have plunged since August.
  
  Iranian oil in floating storage has also been drained amid the U.S. Navy blockade.
  
  “There’s no more oil to discharge to China anymore,” Kpler’s head of crude oil analysis, Homayoun Falakshahi, said, as quoted by the Wall Street Journal earlier this month.
  
  Before the United States imposed a blockade on Iranian ports in April, Iran had close to 150 million barrels in floating storage. By July 14, approximately 88.8 million barrels of Iranian oil remained on the water outside the blockade zone, but that volume had fallen to zero by mid-October, underscoring the effectiveness of the U.S. restrictions. Meanwhile, an estimated 43 million barrels remain stranded inside the blockade zone, effectively cut off from international buyers. By mid-October, Iran's total floating storage outside the blockade had dwindled to just 866,000 barrels, according to Kpler's data. Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  How Trump’s Russian Diesel Could End Up in Cuba Instead
  The tanker billed as the first to carry Russian diesel to the United States under Donald Trump’s deal with Vladimir Putin has dropped New York as its destination. The Malta-flagged Agioi Fanendes left Primorsk on October 22 with about 40,000 metric tons... Read more The tanker billed as the first to carry Russian diesel to the United States under Donald Trump’s deal with Vladimir Putin has dropped New York as its destination. The Malta-flagged Agioi Fanendes left Primorsk on October 22 with about 40,000 metric tons of ultra-low-sulfur diesel, due in New York on November 7. Lloyd’s List reported it idling off Skagen, Denmark, on October 26. Its tracking now shows “for orders,” meaning it has no declared port.
  
  On October 27, Senator Richard Blumenthal wrote to Thanassis Martinos, managing director of the tanker’s Athens-based owner, Eastern Mediterranean Maritime. He demanded that the company recall the vessel if it intends to deliver to a U.S. port, and refrain from future Russian diesel deals.
  
  Blumenthal argues that the 2022 Ending Importation of Russian Oil Act bars the cargo regardless of Treasury’s General License 135, which authorizes Russian diesel transactions through April 7, 2027. “The President may have given a license to facilitate this transaction, but only Congress can make it legally valid,” he wrote.
  
  He gave the company until October 31 to identify the seller, buyer, charterer, insurer and terminal operator, and to disclose any direction it received from Treasury or another federal agency.
  
  A bipartisan group of lawmakers has warned banks, including Goldman Sachs, as well as port authorities in Houston, Corpus Christi, Beaumont and New York/New Jersey, that handling the imports could expose them to civil and criminal liability. Malta’s sanctions unit is seeking price-cap attestations from the tanker’s owners.
  
  Two more tankers, the Leruo and the Talisman, are carrying Russian diesel toward the U.S. Both are reportedly under Western sanctions. Kpler puts the three cargoes at 924,000 barrels. Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak said a fourth tanker was expected to sail on October 28.
  
  Trump has dismissed his Republican critics as people who “can’t really be serious.”
  
  With no declared destination, and with U.S. banks and ports warned away, the Agioi Fanendes could be redirected to Cuba. The island ran out of diesel and fuel oil in May, after two Russian tankers reached its coast this spring despite the U.S. blockade. In March, Trump said he had “no problem” with a sanctioned Russian tanker bringing oil to the island. Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  UBS Sees $110 Brent by Year-End as Gulf Flows Stay Below Prewar Levels
  UBS has raised its Brent forecast for the second time this month and now expects crude to trade at $110 a barrel at the end of 2026, up from 100. The Swiss bank also lifted its 2027 curve by $5 a barrel at each point, to $95 for March, $90 for June and... Read more UBS has raised its Brent forecast for the second time this month and now expects crude to trade at $110 a barrel at the end of 2026, up from 100. The Swiss bank also lifted its 2027 curve by $5 a barrel at each point, to $95 for March, $90 for June and $85 for September.
  
  “Uncertainty around our forecasts remains elevated, reflecting the unpredictable nature of the Middle East conflict, and the pace of recovery in Gulf production and global oil demand,” UBS said in a note.
  
  On October 6, UBS raised its fourth-quarter forecast to $100 from about $80 and its 2026 average to 491.57 from 483.74.
  
  UBS says Middle Eastern crude loadings have recovered substantially from the severe disruption earlier this year, but Gulf crude and condensate port loadings remain below prewar levels. October brought a record number of reported attacks on vessels in and around the Strait of Hormuz, raising insurance and freight costs.
  
  Very large crude carrier rates from the Middle East to China have climbed to $30-40 a barrel, against 1-3 over the past decade. Global inventories have fallen sharply, and pledged strategic reserve releases are largely complete. “An undersupplied market could push commercial stocks lower and should sustain oil prices,” UBS said.
  
  Brent traded at $115.30 a barrel on Wednesday at 10:22 a.m. ET, up 1.25%, and WTI at $101.90, up 2%, after the Houthis claimed a ballistic missile strike on Saudi Aramco’s 550,000-barrel-per-day Ras Tanura refinery. Saudi authorities have not confirmed a direct hit. The Saudi-led coalition said it intercepted a Houthi missile aimed at Taif.
  
  Washington has told several Gulf states to prepare for a possible renewed U.S. military campaign against Iran after the November 3 midterm elections, the Wall Street Journal reported. Qatari mediators have presented Tehran with a new draft deal to end the war, and Iran is expected to respond by the end of the week. Traders are bracing for a new escalation once the vote is over.
  
  The World Bank on Wednesday forecast a 23% rise in global commodity prices this year, citing energy prices and shipping disruptions during the Middle East war, grain shipment problems in the Black Sea and demand for safe-haven assets such as gold. A year ago, the bank projected that commodity prices would fall to a six-year low in 2026 on an expanding oil glut. Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  Equinor Raises Oil and Gas Output Forecast as Operating Profit Doubles
  Equinor raised its 2026 oil and gas production growth forecast to around 4% after higher commodity prices and record earnings at its Mongstad refinery helped more than double third-quarter operating profit. The Norwegian producer now expects faster... Read more Equinor raised its 2026 oil and gas production growth forecast to around 4% after higher commodity prices and record earnings at its Mongstad refinery helped more than double third-quarter operating profit.
  
  The Norwegian producer now expects faster growth than its previous guidance of 3%, following quarterly equity production of 2.166 million barrels of oil equivalent per day. International growth helped lift total output even as production on the Norwegian continental shelf remained broadly flat.
  
  Reported operating profit rose to $11.96 billion from $5.27 billion a year earlier. Adjusted operating income reached $12.35 billion, slightly above the $12.19 billion analyst consensus compiled by Equinor. Adjusted earnings per share were $1.20, below consensus of $1.37.
  
  Higher Prices and Record Refining Earnings
  
  Equinor realized a European gas price of $20 per million British thermal units and an average liquids price of $92.30 per barrel.
  
  Those prices supported upstream earnings, while high refining margins and strong operating performance delivered a record contribution from Mongstad.
  
  The Marketing, Midstream and Processing segment generated adjusted operating income of $893 million, compared with analyst expectations of $793 million. LNG trading also contributed strongly.
  
  The gains were not uniform across the trading business. Crude, Products and Liquids reported a loss as negative effects from derivative positions in a tight shipping market more than offset strong products trading.
  
  International Growth Lifts Production
  
  Equinor’s total equity production increased from 2.130 million boe per day a year earlier to 2.166 million boe per day, also exceeding analyst expectations of 2.129 million boe per day.
  
  Production in the international oil and gas segment rose 21%, supported by Adura in the UK, Bacalhau in Brazil and lower turnaround activity.
  
  However, higher production did not translate fully into higher sales. International lifted volumes were below Equinor’s share of production, limiting the revenue benefit during the quarter.
  
  On the Norwegian continental shelf, Halten East, Verdande and new wells offset natural decline and unplanned production losses at Johan Castberg and Troll. Norwegian production was broadly unchanged from the same quarter last year.
  
  U.S. output declined as planned offshore downtime and natural decline more than offset higher onshore production.
  
  Cash Generation Strengthens the Balance Sheet
  
  Cash flow from operations after taxes paid, excluding working capital movements, reached $8.14 billion, up 53% year on year. Reported cash flow from operating activities, including working capital movements, was $7.55 billion. Organic capital expenditure totaled $3.28 billion.
  
  The adjusted net debt-to-capital-employed ratio fell to 3.8% at the end of September from 10.4% at the end of June.
  
  Equinor declared a quarterly dividend of $0.39 per share and approved a final 2026 share buyback tranche of up to $1.125 billion, starting October 29. The expected full-year buyback program totals up to $3 billion, including shares to be redeemed from the Norwegian state.
  
  The production outlook highlights two different challenges within Equinor’s portfolio. International projects are adding output, while new Norwegian fields and wells are replacing volumes lost to natural decline and outages. Sustaining new-field output and limiting further unplanned outages will be central to delivering the higher full-year growth target. Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  China’s Refiners Turn to Africa and Brazil Crude as Freight Rates Ease
  China’s refiners are buying crude oil from West Africa and Brazil after freight rates eased in the past two weeks, while competition for Russian supply is stronger and Iranian barrels have disappeared. Following a decline in shipping rates from all-time... Read more China’s refiners are buying crude oil from West Africa and Brazil after freight rates eased in the past two weeks, while competition for Russian supply is stronger and Iranian barrels have disappeared.
  
  Following a decline in shipping rates from all-time highs, some Chinese refiners have bought West African and Brazilian crude grades at premiums of up to $20 per barrel above ICE Brent for delivery in December, trading sources told Bloomberg on Wednesday.
  
  In early October, the freight rates of crude cargoes from the Atlantic Basin to Asia soared to record highs.
  
  The cost of shipping crude oil from the U.S. Gulf Coast to China soared to as high as $80 million earlier this month. That’s ten times the average tanker rates that had held for years before the Iran war.
  
  Freight rates have eased from the record highs seen in early October, but they were still about $60 million for a supertanker to carry oil from the U.S. to Asia last week. The cost is so high that Asian refiners aren’t ordering much crude from the U.S. for November delivery.
  
  In the first week of October, the cost to ship crude from the U.S. Gulf Coast to South Korea soared to above $42 per barrel, the Brazil-to-China freight rate topped $39 per barrel, and the West Africa to China route had shipping costs of over $32 a barrel, per data by Vortexa cited by Bloomberg.
  
  The rates have now eased by about $10 per barrel on each of these routes, prompting Chinese refiners to purchase Equatorial Guinea’s Ceiba crude, Angola’s Saturno, and Brazil’s Mero, according to Bloomberg’s sources.
  
  At the same time, competition for Russian supply with India has pushed higher the prices of the ESPO grade from Russia’s Far East.
  
  Moreover, China’s independent refiners, the so-called teapots, are now looking for the most economical crude supply available, after the U.S. blockade in the Gulf of Oman cut off their cheap Iranian crude feedstock from the market. Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-29
  QatarEnergy Extends LNG Force Majeure to End of 2026
  State-owned firm QatarEnergy has extended the force majeure on LNG deliveries to the end of the year, leaving Europe and Asia without certain term supply heading into the winter, in a move that drove European natural gas prices to the highest level since... Read more State-owned firm QatarEnergy has extended the force majeure on LNG deliveries to the end of the year, leaving Europe and Asia without certain term supply heading into the winter, in a move that drove European natural gas prices to the highest level since the autumn of 2022.
  
  Italy’s gas importer and energy provider Edison said it had received a notice from QatarEnergy confirming the extension of the force majeure on deliveries – in force since April 2026 – until the end of the year.
  
  QatarEnergy has informed Edison that it would not be able to deliver three further LNG cargoes at the Adriatic LNG terminal in Italy, which extends the force majeure until the end of December 2026, the Italian company said.
  
  The force majeure on Qatari LNG deliveries to the price-sensitive markets in South Asia, Pakistan and Bangladesh, has also been extended until the end of the year, a source at Bangladesh’s Petrobangla told Reuters.
  
  “We are trying to secure additional spot cargoes to bridge the supply gap, but at a significant cost, driving our import bill sharply higher and putting considerable pressure on our finances,” Petrobangla chairman Abdul Mannan told the publication.
  
  Pakistan will have to pay in excess of $1 billion to secure LNG supply for the winter months, as spot prices soar amid massive disruptions to Qatari term supply. The price tag will be fueled by the spot LNG prices in Asia surging to four-year highs and the plans of the Pakistani government to import 10 LNG cargoes from the spot market, at double the price at which LNG is being imported from Qatar under long-term contracts.
  
  LNG flows at the Strait of Hormuz have not recovered in any meaningful way, as oil exports from the Middle East have, hiking European and Asian prices to the highest level since 2022.
  
  In Europe, the front-month price at the Dutch Title Transfer Facility (TTF), the benchmark for Europe’s gas trading, rose by 1.5% at 8:30 a.m. Amsterdam time on Wednesday.
  
  At $108.51 (97.53 euros) per megawatt-hour (MWh), the European gas price is now at its highest since the 2022 energy crisis, when Europe had to face the first winter without most of Russia’s pipeline gas.
  
  Source: Oilprice.com
- 2026-10-28
  Battery powered ships in operation or under construction see rise of over 250% since 2023 – ZESTAs
  The Zero Emissions Ship Technology Association (ZESTAs) says the number of battery powered ships in operation or under construction has increased 258% since it last presented data to the International Maritime Organization’s (IMO) Marine Environment Protection... Read more

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